Announcement!

My children's stories have been chosen by literary consultant Naomi Robertson  from The Word Count to be read during story time during quarantine on April 11th at 1.00 pm. The link is below:

https://t.co/BjfHuyiWow

10 Rare Health Conditions - Part II

Fields Disease

Fields disease is one of the rarest known diseases in the world. There are only two known cases so far; they are identical twins known as Catherine and Kirstie Fields, from Wales. The disease is named after them.

Fields disease was first noticed when the twins were 4 years old. Doctors haven’t been able to identify or match it to any known disease. The twins have undergone many tests with no definitive reasons for the condition and no available treatment, making doctors conclude that the twins were born with it.

Chances of getting this disease are one in 3.75 billion, but since the disease was diagnosed in identical twins, the actual frequency is 1 in approximately 7.5 billion. The disease has no medical name other than ‘Fields disease’. Doctors call it a neuromuscular disease as the muscles in the body tend to slowly deteriorate, causing limited movement.

The twins have been examined by doctors all over and the disease has been so rare and unknown that it has made it unable for them to predict what would happen next. Fields disease has made the twins wheelchair-bound. It has made it hard for them to perform even a simple task such as writing.

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

Progeria is an autosomal dominant condition—which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause this condition. Mutation in the LMNA gene causes this condition, which almost always happens with no family history of the disorder.

Progeria affects 1 in around 4 million newborn children worldwide. According to scientific literature, more than 130 cases have been reported since the condition's discovery in 1886. Progeria is a genetic condition, but it is rarely passed through the family.

Rarely does more than one child inherit it. The condition occurs due to a new mutation causing a rapid appearance of ageing which occurs at the beginning of childhood. Causing the child to develop an abnormally-small face with prominent bulging eyes, a thin beak-tipped nose, thin lips, a small chin, protruding ears, an underdeveloped jaw, hair loss (alopecia), aged appearance, and joint abnormalities.

At last, the child loses the layer of fat beneath the skin and the elasticity in the arterial walls, causing a heart attack or stroke in 90% of cases. Death from this condition happens on an average age of 13. This condition doesn’t affect intellectual and motor skills and there is no cure for it; doctors focus on reducing complications caused by the disorder.

Water Allergy Syndrome (Aquagenic Urticaria)

Aquagenic Urticaria (hives) is an extremely rare condition where the person affected breaks out in a rash when coming into contact with water at any given temperature. Symptoms usually start during the onset of puberty and they mostly affect women.

People affected by this condition appear to be allergic to water. The water causes a painful burning and itching rash. The hives associated with Aquagenic Urticaria are typically small (1-3mm) red or skin-coloured welts. The rash mostly develops on the arms neck and upper trunk, although it is possible to develop on other parts of the body. When the water source is removed, the rash gradually fades within 30-60 minutes.

The exact cause for this condition is unknown, but scientists believe it to be caused by a substance dissolved in the water which enters the skin causing an immune response. According to this theory, the allergy is not caused by water, but by an allergen in the water.

Further, it’s stated that interaction between water and an allergen on the skin generates a toxic substance causing the rash. This condition is known to be sporadic with no family history, but there have been familial cases. In a family, three generations have been known to be affected by this condition. In some cases, reported there have been other conditions associated with this. Due to the rarity of this condition, the effectiveness of treatment data is limited.

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS)

This condition, also known as dysmetropsia, is a disorienting neuropsychological condition that affects visual perception. A person with this condition experiences alteration of body image. Alteration of visual perception causes the person to see body parts and other objects incorrectly. The head and hands are mostly disproportionate and the effect is worse at night.

It affects vision, touch, and hearing. This can make the person lose their sense of time. They may feel the time passing slower or faster than it actually is. This condition primarily affects children and young adults. With age, most grow out of this condition, but some tend to continue to experience this in adulthood as well.

This condition was identified by British psychiatrist Dr. John Todd in the 1950s. This condition can present many symptoms; it can be associated with migraines, brain tumours, temporal lobe epilepsy, psychoactive drug use, or Epstein Bar virus.

AIWS has no proven treatment, but treatment programmes are used for relief from the probable cause of AIWS. Chronic cases of AIWS are untreatable and have to be left to wear off on their own. The probable treatment is migraine prophylaxis (antidepressants, anti-convulsion medication, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers) and a migraine diet; anecdotal reports suggest that symptoms are common during childhood.

Signs and symptoms are migraines, size distortion, time distortion, sound distortion, and hallucinations A person with this condition can have hallucinations and distortions several times during the day and it may take longer to subside, causing the person to get terrified, anxious and panic-stricken.

The manifestations aren't life-threatening and will in all likelihood, fade off in time. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome was named after famous author Lewis Carroll’s 19th-century novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. In the novel, the character faces numerous situations close to this condition.

Moebius Syndrome

Moebius Syndrome is a rare neurological condition that primarily affects facial expressions and eye movement characterised by weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, causing problems such as trouble eating, swallowing; as well as choking, eye sensitivity, hearing problems, high or cleft palate, drooling dental abnormalities, cross eyes, speech difficulties, and bone abnormalities in the limbs.

Children with this condition have delayed motor skills such as crawling or walking, but most eventually succeed. This condition is caused by the underdevelopment or absence of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves that control facial expression and eye movement. Other cranial nerves could be affected too.

It’s not a progressive condition and the exact cause of the condition is not known. It appears to be mostly sporadical; but in some cases, it occurs in families, suggesting the possibility of a genetic component. The severity and abnormalities of this condition are different from person to person.

With proper medical care, a person with this condition who doesn’t have life-threatening complications in the first year of life usually has a normal life expectancy. There is no cure for Moebius Syndrome, but proper care and treatment can help many individuals live a normal life. 

10 Rare Health Conditions - Part I

Morgellons disease

Morgellons disease is an infectious skin condition that is linked to spirochetal (bacterial) infection and tick-borne illness disfiguring and disabling patients. The name came from an unrelated condition in France in 1674, in a letter written by English physician Sir Thomas Brown; he mentioned black hairs emerging on the backs of children in Languedoc. He called it Morgellons and said it cured their coughs and convulsions. A matching description was first reported in the US in 2002.

Morgellons patients suffer from feelings of itching, biting, and crawling sensations in the skin; microscopic filaments resembling textile fibers of colours black, white, blue or red growing from the skin; skin lesions, cognitive functions such as memory loss, poor concentration, joint pains, depressed moods, and fatigue.

The skin filaments have been identified as compressed cellular proteins such as keratin and collagen; an overproduction of these filaments is in response to a spirochetal infection. This infection affects humans, cattle, cats, and dogs. There were 14,000 reports in 2009; since then, there has been an increase in patients with Morgellons disease.

Research shows that skin afflictions were due to a psychological response to the presence of an infection. There is no known cure for Morgellons disease. Some doctors believe Morgellons to be a psychological condition and treat it with cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and counseling. Other doctors believe it to be biological. Further studies are required to properly understand the condition.

Paraneoplastic pemphigus

Paraneoplastic Pemphigus (PNP) is a rare autoimmune skin disorder linked to the group of blistering skin diseases. It is a neoplasm. The first symptoms of PNP are usually oral, skin and mucosal lesions. The pathogenesis of pemphigus is still not completely understood, although some immunological characteristics have been recently reported.

Since it’s rare, several diagnostic criteria have been proposed and many diagnostic procedures have been used for diagnosis; they are indirect immunofluorescence and direct immunofluorescence, which are antibody tests using fluorescent dyes and ELISA, which is a test for detecting and quantifying antibodies and hormones.

PNP causes cancers in the stomach, lungs, and colon. B-cell Lymphoma and haematological malignancies are constantly associated with PNP. Patients can show multi-organ involvement and a subset of autoantibodies to several tissues.

Early diagnosis of PNP is difficult, but it’s the best option. Usually, a neoplasm is detected before the onset of PNP, however, PNP is the first clinical manifestation that leads to the discovery of underlying tumors and also that causes secretion of functional peptides and hormone which causes blisters on the skin and mucous membranes.

The blisters fill with fluid and peel off, leaving the skin raw and open and making it susceptible to infection. The disease is extremely fatal, causing death in 90% of patients diagnosed due to sepsis, cancer or multi-organ failure.

PNP usually affects people between ages of 45 and 70, but children and adolescents can be affected too. The disease is hard to treat; removal of tumors and treatment with steroids are the best options until a cure is possibly found. During the past few years, medical advances have improved the understanding of PNP pathogenesis and enhanced diagnosis. Effective diagnosis and treatment may affect the overall clinical outcome. Further research needs to be done.

Microcephaly

Microcephaly is defined by the circumference of the head being much smaller than usual, according to the gender and age of the child. There are two types of microcephaly: one is congenital microcephaly diagnosed at birth, while the other is postnatal microcephaly which appears later in life.
Genetic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infections, teratogens, as well as prenatal, perinatal and postnatal injuries can cause congenital and postnatal microcephaly. Patients are evaluated with a thorough history and physical examination. Neuroimaging, metabolic, or genetic testing should be done in case of aggravation of microcephaly. Further diagnosis should be done owing to the underlying symptoms pointing to an underlying diagnosis.

Often the first tests for diagnosing microcephaly are Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) and neuroimaging. Genetic testing is becoming more common as a follow-up to neuroimaging when the physical examination has no successful diagnosis. Microcephaly is a lifelong illness with no known cure; the prognosis is usually worse for children with intrauterine infection, or metabolic or chromosomal abnormality.

Maternal infections and the Zika virus are associated with microcephaly and other serious brain abnormalities. Children affected by microcephaly end up with less or no brain development while in the womb due to genetic abnormalities and interference in the growth of the cerebral cortex. This causes the child to develop a smaller-than-usual head at birth, which usually remain the same during growth.

Many believe the reasons to be genetic or exposure to harmful substances like radiation, drugs, alcohol, or certain viruses like the Zika virus, rubella, (German measles), varicella (chickenpox), the cytomegalic virus while in the womb, or untreated phenylketonuria (PKU).

The disease is usually paired with Down syndrome. A person affected by Microcephaly ends up with issues of intellectual disability, delayed development, cerebral palsy, seizures, as well as hearing and visual issues. Rubella and Varicella are other serious conditions known to cause genetic microcephaly and intellectual deficits. Maternal immunization for rubella and varicella and have known to prevent microcephaly.

There is no cure to get the child’s head to return to the correct size or shape, but treatment focuses on decreasing the impact associated with the deformities and neurological difficulties. Medicine is used to control seizures, hyperactivity, and neuromuscular symptoms. Genetic testing may help families in future pregnancies.

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome (VHL)

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome (VHL) is an extremely rare genetic condition which more frequently appears in young adulthood, but symptoms may persist throughout life as well. VHL causes cancerous or non-cancerous tumors or cysts (fluid-filled sacs) to grow in different parts of the body. These tumors are medically known as haemangioblastomas. They are made of newly-formed blood vessels which are more often benign.

These tumors grow in the retina of the eye (retinal angiomas), causing vision loss; as well as the brain and spinal cord, causing weakness, headaches, vomiting, and muscle coordination (ataxia). Cysts tend to grow in the pancreas, kidneys, and genital tract. They are at increased risk of developing kidney cancer called Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma as well as pancreatic cancer called a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor.

VHL is also associated with a tumor known as pheochromocytoma, which is most commonly associated with adrenal glands (small glands located on top of each kidney which produces hormones). Pheochromocytomas are mostly benign. These tumors rarely show symptoms, but in some cases, they cause panic attacks, excessive sweating, headaches, and dangerously high blood pressure, which may not respond to medication.

Pheochromocytomas can be really dangerous in times of stress and trauma, like when associated with pregnancy, accidents, or surgery. Around 10% of people with HPL develop endolymphatic sac tumors; non-cancerous inner ear tumors. These tumors can cause hearing loss in one or both ears, causing ringing in the ears (Tinnitus) and balance issues. Left untreated, these tumors can cause sudden and profound deafness.

There is a chance of non-cancerous tumors developing in the lungs or liver with people who have VHL, but they may not show any symptoms.

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

FOP is a progressive disorder in which muscle tissue and connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments are replaced by bones (ossified), forming bones outside the skeleton (extraskeletal or heterotopic bones) that affect bone movement.

FOP affects the joints, causing loss of mobility, as well as inability to open the mouth (making it impossible to eat or speak, which leads to malnutrition). Extra bone formation around the rib cage can also cause breathing difficulties.

This condition is so rare that it said to affect one in two million people worldwide. There have been several hundred cases reported. FOP is first noticed at early childhood, which starts at the neck and shoulders and then proceeds down to the body and limbs.

Injury or invasive muscle procedures can aggravate the process, causing episodes of inflammation and muscle swelling, which speeds up ossification in the injured area. Flare-ups can also occur due to viral infections such as influenza.

At birth, there is a classic symptom known as malformation of the big toes. This condition can cause short thumbs and other skeletal abnormalities too. There is no known treatment for FOP as surgery to remove the bone can cause the body to produce even more.

The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome

Vang was a former Hmong (Laotian) soldier who settled in Chicago in 1980, as an escapee of the war in Laos. Lang suffered from traumatic memories of wartime destruction, including severe guilt of leaving his brothers and sisters behind when he fled with his wife and child. According to a mental health team, the culture shock created due to moving from a rural Laos to urban Chicago increased Vang's stress even further. He experienced problems almost immediately.

Vang suffered from sleep issues; he was unable to sleep from the first night in his apartment in Chicago. This continued for the next two days, causing him to visit his resettlement worker, Moua Lee, and confess his problems. He confessed that on the first night, he had woken up suddenly, feeling short of breath from a dream in which a cat was sitting on his chest; and that on the second night, a figure which resembled a black dog came to his bed and sat on his chest, causing him to go out of breath quickly and dangerously. On the third night, a tall, white-skinned female appeared in his bedroom and lay on top of him. Her weight caused difficulty in his breathing, and after 15 minutes, the spirit left and he woke up screaming.

Trauma & Culture

Vang's report attracted scientific interest due to around 25 Laotian refugees in the United States dying of what was termed as the Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome. The victims in those cases also experienced symptoms similar to those Vang did: an exhibition of laboured breathing, screaming, and frantic movements. The US Center for Disease Control investigated these deaths and was unable to find a physical cause. They concluded that the deaths were triggered by a combination of the stress of resentment, guilt over having to abandon families in Laos, and Hmong's cultural beliefs of angry spirits.

The authors of Vang's case study concluded that he might have been a survivor of Sudden Death Syndrome. The role of cultural beliefs is suggested by what happened next. Vang went for treatment to a Hmong woman regarded as a shaman. She told him his problems were caused by unhappy spirits and performed ceremonies to release them. Vang's nightmares and breathing problems during sleep ceased afterwards.

Like the cases of voodoo deaths, Vang's case study suggests that cultural stress and beliefs may have a profound influence on physical well-being. This work was followed by other studies on Hmong immigrants and stimulated interest in the relationship between cultural beliefs and health.

Case Studies

The major limitation of a case study is that it is a poor method for determining cause-effect relations. in most case studies, explanations of behaviour occur after the fact, and there is little opportunity to rule out alternative explanations. The fact that Vang's symptoms ended after seeing a shaman might not have anything to do with his cultural beliefs; it could have been pure coincidence, or other changes in his life could have been responsible.

A second potential drawback concerns on the generalisation of findings: will the principles uncovered in a case study hold true for other people or other situations? The question of generalisability pertains to all research methods, but drawing broad conclusions from a case study can be particularly risky. The key issue is the degree to which the case under study is representative of other people or situations.

A third drawback is the possible lack of objectivity in the way data is gathered and interpreted. Such bias can occur in any type of research, but case studies can be particularly worrisome due to them often being based largely on the researcher's subjective impressions. In science, a skeptical attitude is required for claims based on case studies to be followed up by more comprehensive research methods before being accepted. We should adopt similar skeptical views in our daily lives, too.

Announcement: New Short Story Blog

Hey, everyone!

I just finished making my blog and posting the first chapter of my first story there. Here's the link:https://the-omniscrolls.blogspot.com/2019/09/the-unseen-part-i-paralysed.html

Announcement

Hey, everyone.

I'm going to be running a new blog soon on my own short stories. I haven't created it yet, but I will let you know when it's done.

Hypnosis and Memory

In TV shows or movies, there are scenes in which people are given a suggestion that they would not remember a certain thing (such as a person's name or an incident, either during the session itself (hypnotic amnesia) or at the end of hypnosis (posthypnotic amnesia). A reversal cue could also be given, a phrase such as "You will now remember everything"; once the person hears this, their state of amnesia ends.

According to research, around 25% of hypnotised college students could be led to experience amnesia. Although researchers agree that hypnotic and posthypnotic amnesia occur, they do still debate the causes. Some feel that it's a result of voluntary attempts in avoidance of thought on certain information, while others believe it to be caused by an altered state of conscientiousness which weakens normal memory systems.

Memory Enhancement

In contrast to producing the effect of forgetting, can hypnosis enhance memory?

Law enforcement agencies sometimes use hypnosis in aid of eyewitnesses to a crime. In a famous case in California which occurred in 1977, a bus carrying 26 children and its driver disappeared without a trace. The victims, buried underground in an abandoned trailer truck by three kidnappers, were later found alive. After the rescue, an expert hypnotised the bus driver and asked him to recall the ordeal. The driver formed a vivid image of the kidnappers' white van and could "read" all but one digit of the vans licence plate. The information helped track down the kidnappers.

Despite occasional success stories such as this, controlled experiments find that hypnosis is unable to improve memory. In some experiments, participants watch videotapes of simulated bank robberies or other crimes. Next, while hypnotised or not, they are questioned by police investigators or criminal lawyers. Hypnotised individuals tend to remember better than non-hypnotised individuals in some studies, but not all. There have been experiments where hypnotised participants had performed much poorly than non-hypnotised people; they had recalled more information, but much of it was inaccurate.

Another concern regarding this is that some memories recalled under hypnosis maybe pseudomemories—false memories created during hypnosis by statements or leading suggestions made by the examiner. In some experiments, hypnotised and non-hypnotised participants are intentionally exposed to false information about an event (e.g.: about a bank robbery). Later, once the hypnotised subjects are brought out of their hypnosis, they are questioned. Highly suggestible individuals that have been hypnotised are the ones most likely to report the false information as being a true memory and often tend to be confident of the accuracy of their memories.

Although some psychologists are exploring ways to minimise hypnosis-induced memory errors, at present, many courts have banned or limited testimonies obtained under the influence of hypnosis. The increased suggestibility of hypnotised individuals makes them particularly susceptible to memory distortion caused by leading questions, and they may come to believe things that never occurred in the first place. Similarly, if a therapist uses hypnosis to help patients recall long-forgotten memories of sexual abuse, what shall we conclude? Are the memories real, or are they pseudomemories created during therapy sessions?

Disassociation

What is hypnosis ad how does it produce its effects?

Several researchers propose theories that view hypnosis as an altered state involving a disassociation of consciousness. Ernest Hilgard proposed that hypnosis creates a division of awareness in which the person simultaneously experiences two streams of consciousness that are cut off from each another. One stream responds to hypnotic suggestions, while the other—the part of consciousness which monitors behaviour—remains in the background, but is aware of everything that goes on. Hilgard reefers to this second part of consciousness as the Hidden Observer.

Suppose a hypnotised subject is given a suggestion that she wouldn't feel pain. Her arm is lowered into a tub of ice-cold water for 45 seconds and every few minutes, she reports the amount of pain. In contrast to unhypnotised subjects, who find this experience moderately painful, she would probably report feeling less pain. But suppose the procedure is done differently. Before lowering the subject's arm, the hypnotist says, "Perhaps there is another part of you that is more aware than your hypnotised part. If so, would that part of you report the amount of pain."

In this case, the subject's other stream of consciousness, the Hidden Observer, would report a higher level of pain.

For Hilgard, this disassociation explained the reason behind the involuntary automatic behaviour that occurs under hypnosis. Given the suggestion "Your arm will start to feel lighter and will begin to rise," the subject intentionally raises his or her arm, but only the Hidden Observer is aware of this. The mainstream of consciousness that responds to the command is blocked from this awareness and perceives that the arm is rising all by itself.